Willow to Heart

Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, was the first to extract salicylic acid from willow bark in 1838. He named it salicylic acid after the Latin word salix, which means "willow

Raffaele Piria (Scilla 20 August 1814 – Turin 18 July 1865) was an Italian chemist from Scilla, who lived in Palmi. He converted the substance Salicin into a sugar and a second component, which on oxidation becomes salicylic acid, a major component of the analgesic drug Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).^[1] Other reactions discovered by Piria were the conversion of aspartic acid to malic acid by action of nitrogen dioxide,^[2] and the reaction of aromatic nitro compounds with sulfite towards aminosulfonic acids.^[3]

• Henri Leroux: A French pharmacist who isolated salicin from willow bark in 1826 
• Johann Andreas Buchner: A German pharmacologist who purified salicin in 1828 and named it salicin 
• Felix Hoffmann: A researcher at Bayer who chemically modified salicylic acid to create aspirin 

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid  (or)

                                    Salicylic acid

Indian Willow 

(Salix tetrasperma)

• Hindi: बेद लैला (Bed Laila)
• Assamese: ভেহ (Bhe)
• Kannada: ಬೈಚೆ ಮರ (Baiche Mara), ನೀರುವಂಜಿ (Neeruvanji)
• Konkani: वाळुंज (Walunj)
• Bengali: পানী জমা (Pani Joma)
• Kashmiri: वीर् (Vir)
• Tamil: வஞ்சி
   

Natural Occurence

Salicylic acid is a naturally occurring compound, which can be isolated from the bark of the willow tree. It can also be synthetically produced, either by biosynthesis of the amino acid phenylalanine, or from phenol. Naturally, salicylic acid and its derivatives are also found in fruits, particularly berries, and vegetables.

A type of addition reaction called the Kolbe reaction is named after Hermann Kolbe and Rudolf Schmitt. It is also known as the Kolbe-Schmitt Reaction or Carboxylation reaction. The Kolbe-Schmitt reaction involves the utilization of carbon dioxide gas, a base, and acid to transform phenol into hydroxy-benzoic acid.

  

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Piria

https://efloraofindia.com/efi/salix-tetrasperma/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid

https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/introduction-and-preparation-of-salicylic-acid/47690414

 Cannizaro Reaction

watch explantion at this url...

https://youtube.com/shorts/4H86b8sSmLs?si=jUBhHV-v4PjA3Ebz

In 1853 he discovered that when benzaldehyde is treated with concentrated base, both benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol are produced—a phenomenon known today as the Cannizzaro reaction.

Stanislao Cannizzaro (1826-1910) Professor at Alessandria (1851-1854), Genoa (1855-1859), Palermo (1860-1869) and Rome (1870-1910), Cannizzaro is best known for his discovery of the Cannizzaro reaction in organic chemistry for the conversion of aromatic aldehydes into the corresponding acids and alcohols, and his successful resolution of the atomic weight problem. 

Though Dalton had introduced the idea of extracting atomic weights from combining weights in 1803, he was unable to do this in a completely unambiguous fashion and, as a result, 50 years of chaos followed during which chemists used a variety of competing atomic and equivalent weight values.

 In 1858 Cannizzaro published a small pamphlet in which he reasserted Avogadro's earlier hypothesis (1811) that gas densities at equal pressures were directly proportional to molecular weights.

 Whereas Avogadro had attempted to extract atomic weights from the resulting molecular weights by using the stoichiometries of gas reactions - a procedure that could be applied only to a few elements - Cannizzaro showed how this same information could be extracted by using the gravimetric composition of an element's volatile compounds - a procedure that was virtually universal. 

With Cannizzaro's advance, chemists finally acquired a standard set of atomic weights and were able to determine unambiguous and universally accepted compositional formulas for their compounds.

 Reference:

https://www.measurenet-tech.com/blog/bid/113425/Important-Chemists-in-History-Stanislao-Cannizzaro.html